Professor Ahmad Hasan Dani FRAS, SI, HI (20 June 1920 – 26 January 2009), was a Pakistani intellectual, archaeologist, historian, and linguist. He was among the foremost authorities on Central Asian and South Asian archaeology and history.[1] He introduced archaeology as a discipline in higher education in Pakistan and Bangladesh.[2]
Throughout his career, Dani held various academic positions and
international fellowships, apart from conducting archaeological
excavations and research. He is particularly known for archaeological
work on pre-Indus Civilization and Gandhara sites in Northern Pakistan. He was also the recipient of various civil awards in Pakistan and abroad. As a prolific linguist, he was able to speak 35 local and international languages and dialects.[3]
Early life
Dani, an ethnic Kashmiri, was born on 20 June 1920 in Basna, British India.[4] He graduated in 1944, with an MA degree, to become the first Muslim graduate of Banaras Hindu University.
He scored highest marks in the exams which earned him a Gold Medal.
This also qualified him for a teaching fellowship from the same
university. Although he was provided with the grant, he was not allowed
to teach due to his religious beliefs.[3] He stayed there for six months. In 1945, he started working as a trainee in archaeology under the guidance of Mortimer Wheeler. At this time, he participated in excavations at Taxila and Mohenjo-daro. He was subsequently posted at the Department of Archaeology of British India at Taj Mahal, Agra. He received his PhD from the Institute of Archaeology, University College London.
Career
After the Partition of India, Dani migrated to East Pakistan.
There, in 1947–49 he worked as Assistant Superintendent of the
Department of Archaeology. At this time, he renovated the Verandra
Museum at Rajshahi.
In 1949, he married Safiya Sultana. Together, they had three sons
(Anis, Navaid and Junaid) and a daughter (Fauzia). In 1950, Dani was
promoted to the position of Superintendent-in-Charge of Archaeology. In
the same year, he became General Secretary of the Asiatic Society of
Pakistan in Dhaka. Later on, in 1955, he took the position of President
of the National Committee for Museums in Pakistan. For a period of
twelve years (1950–62), Dani remained Associate Professor of History at
the University of Dhaka while at the same time working as curator at the Dhaka Museum. During this period, he carried out archaeological research on the Muslim history of Bengal.
Dani moved to the University of Peshawar
in 1962 as Professor of Archaeology and remained there until 1971.
During this time, he led the resetting and renovation works for the Lahore and Peshawar Museums. He became Chairman of the Research Society at the University of Peshawar in 1970. In 1971, he moved to the University of Islamabad
to become Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences. He left the post in
1975 to concentrate on research as Professor of History. Meanwhile, the
university was renamed Quaid-e-Azam University in 1976. He continued to
work in various positions until his retirement in 1980 when he was made Emeritus
Professor. During this period, he also served as President of the
Archaeological and Historical Association of Pakistan (1979) and
Co-Director of the Pak-German Team for Ethnology Research in Northern Areas of Pakistan (1980).
He received an Honorary Doctorate from Tajikistan University, (Dushanbe) in 1993. During the same year, Dani established the Islamabad Museum. In 1992, he was appointed Advisor on archaeology to the Ministry of Culture
of Pakistan, serving from 1992–96. Between 1994–98, he remained
Chairman of the National Fund for Cultural Heritage in Islamabad. In
1997, Dani became Honorary Director at the Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations. He held the position until the time of his death. On 22 January 2009, he was admitted to the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences in Islamabad with heart, kidney and diabetes problems. He died on 26 January 2009 at the age of 88 years. He is buried in the H-11 Graveyard of Islamabad.
Visiting, research and honorary positions
During his Associate Professorship at Dhaka University, Dani worked as a Research Fellow at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (1958–59). Later, in 1969 he became Asian Fellow at the Australian National University, Canberra. In 1974, he went to the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia as a visiting scholar. In 1977, he was Visiting Professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Over the span of his career, Dani was awarded honorary fellowships by the Royal Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (1969), the German Archaeological Institute (1981), the Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsMEO) (1986), and the Royal Asiatic Society (1991). In 1991, Dani was made an Honorary Citizen of Bukhara and an Honorary Member of the Paivand Society in Tajikistan. He was made an Honorary Life Patron of the Al-Shifa Trust, Rawalpindi, in 1993.
Research contributions
Dani remained engaged in excavation works on the pre-Indus Civilization site of Rehman Dheri in Northern Pakistan.[5] He also made a number of discoveries of Gandhara sites in the Peshawar and Swat Valleys, and worked on Indo-Greek sites in Dir.[6]
From 1980, he was involved in research focusing on the documentation of
the rock carvings and inscriptions on ancient remains from the Neolithic
age up to the late Buddhist period in the high mountain region of
Northern Pakistan along with Karl Jettmar, Volker Thewalt and (much
later, since 1989) Harald Hauptmann of the Heidelberg Academy of
Sciences, University of Heidelberg.[7]
In 1990–91, he led the UNESCO international scientific teams for the Desert Route Expedition of the Silk Road in China and the Steppe Route Expedition of the Silk Road in the Soviet Union. From his extensive fieldwork and research experience, Dani refuted any influence of South Indian culture on the Indus Valley Civilization.[5] Using a geographic perspective of the socio-political systems and cultural distribution of the Indus Basin and surrounding hinterland, he observed that the Indo-Gangetic Plain did not play any significant role in the development of Indus Valley culture.[8] Nor was there any invasion from the seaside during the Bronze Age,
although the coastline facilitated maritime trade. The major influence,
according to Dani, came from Central Asia in the west. He asserted that
the hilly western borderland that appears as a boundary to the external
eye is actually a network of hill plateaus where the local people have
always moved freely. He therefore argued that the cultural history of Pakistan is more closely related to Central Asia through Buddhist, Persian and later Sufi influences.[1] He strove to revive this relationship by promoting organisations such as the Pak-Central Asia Friendship Association.
Dani maintained that despite the Arabian Sea allowing the Meluhhans to establish trade relations with Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt,
the majority of historical movements occurred between Central and South
Asia. The geographic location as a link between the two regions has
characterised the relationship "between the people of Pakistan and those
of Central Asia in the field of culture, language, literature, food,
dress, furniture and folklore".[
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